Основные правила для начинающих
аНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Unit
1
1. Личные местоимения
| Единственное число |
Множественное число |
I – я
you – ты
he – он
she – она
it – он, она, оно (о неодушевленных предметах)
|
we – мы
you – вы
they – они
|
to
be
в простом настоящем времени
| Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I am (I’m) in Kiev.
You are (you’re) in Kiev.
He (she) is (he’s, she’s) in Kiev.
They are (they’re) in Kiev.
|
Are you in Kiev?
Is he (she) in Kiev?
Are we in Kiev?
Are you in Kiev?
Are they in Kiev?
|
I am not (I’m not) in Kiev.
He (she) is not (isn’t) in Kiev.
You are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
You are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
They are not (aren’t) in Kiev.
|
Краткие ответы на вопросы
- Are you in London?
- Is he (she) in London?
- Are they in London?
|
- Yes, I am.
- No, I am not (I’m not).
- Yes, he (she) is.
- No, he (she) is not (isn’t).
- Yes, they are.
|
1. I
He
She
We
You
They
|
‘re
‘s
‘m
aren’t
‘m not
isn’t
|
a businessman
in Moscow
in Russia
Russian
Ukranian
|
|
Am
Is
|
he
she
you
we
I
|
a businessman?
Estonian?
in Minsk?
|
простое
настоящее
время
)
|
Вопросительная форма |
|
I work on Omsk.
You work in Omsk.
He (she) works in Omsk.
We work in Omsk.
They work in Omsk.
|
Do I work in Omsk?
Does he (she) work in Omsk?
Do we work in Omsk?
Do you work in Omsk?
Do they work in Omsk?
|
You do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
he (she) does not (doesn’t) work in Omsk.
You do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
They do not (don’t) work in Omsk.
|
Краткие ответы на вопросы
- Do you live in Ottawa?
- Does he (she) live in Ottawa?
|
- No, I do not (don’t)
- Yes, he (she) does.
- No, he (she) does not (doesn’t).
- Yes, they do.
- No, they do not (don’t).
|
Ex. 7 Составьте предложения:
1. You
I
he
She
We
They
|
live
works
speaks
speak
don’t work
doesn’t speak
don’t live
doesn’t work
|
English
in Moscow
in Russia
in Novosibirsk
|
2. Do
Does
|
she
we
he
they
you
|
work
live
speak
|
in Tumenj?
in Moscow?
English?
Russian?
German?
French?
|
4.
The Present Continuous Tense
(настоящее продолженное время)
| Утвердительная форма |
|
Отрицательная форма |
|
You are (you’re) learning English.
He (she) is learning English.
We are (we’re) learning English.
|
Am I learning English?
Are you learning English?
Is he (she) learning English?
|
|
Краткие ответы на вопросы
- Are you learning French?
- Is he (she) learning French?
- Are they learning French?
|
- Yes, I am.
- No, I am not (I’m not).
- No, he (she) is not (isn’t).
- Yes, they are.
|
5
. Артикли
He is a
__
The
visitor is in the office.
The
visitors are __
English teachers.
Артикли не употребляются:
Itismyoffice.
2. перед большинством названий стран
My name is Ann. My name is Ann Brown.
5. перед существительными, после которых идет номер или индекс
6. внекоторыхсочетаниях
to go on business, to be on business
|
Неопределенный артикль – определенный артикль
Неопределенный артикль употребляется с существительными в единственном числе:
It is an office.
|
Определенный артикль употребляется с существительными в единственном и множественном числе: Heisattheofficenow.
They are at the offices now.
|
Две формы неопределенного артикля
6.
Притяжательные
местоимения
|
Соответствующие притяжательные местоимения |
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
|
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
|
.
7.
| Личные местоимения |
Притяжательные местоимения |
|
I
you
he
she
it
we
you
they
|
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
|
me
you
him
her
it
us
you
them
|
8.
Конструкция
|
Вопросительная форма – краткие ответы |
Отрицательная форма |
|
|
Is there a chair in the corner?
- Yes, there is (one).
- No, there isn’t any.
Are there any chairs in the corner?
|
There is no chair in the corner.
There isn’t any chair in the corner.
There are no chairs in the corner.
|
Unit
2
1.
Модальный глагол
can
I can drive.
Can you come tomorrow?
Can I have the bill, please?
|
Я могу (умею) водить машину.
Я не умею водить машину.
Вы можете (умеете) водить машину,
Вы можете (не можете) прийти завтра?
Принесите, пожалуйста, счет.
Можно посмотреть меню?
|
| Утвердительная форма |
|
Отрицательная форма |
|
You can meet him.
He (she) can meet him.
We can meet him.
You can meet him.
They can meet him.
|
Can I meet him?
Can he (she) meet him?
Can we meet him?
Can you meet him?
Can they meet him?
|
I cannot (can't) meet him.
You cannot (can't) meet him.
We cannot (can't) meet him.
You cannot (can't) meet him.
They cannot (can't) meet him.
|
2.
Модальный
глагол
Should
1. You should wait
a little.
2. You should not
smoke so much.
|
Вы должны немного подождать. (Вам следует немного подождать.)
|
3. The Past Indefinite Tense (
простое
прошедшее
время
)
| Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I opened the door.
He (she) opened the door.
We opened the door.
You opened the door.
They opened the door.
|
Did I open the door?
- No, I did not (didn’t).
Did you open the door?
- Yes, you did.
- No, you did not (didn’t).
Did he (she) open the door?
- Yes, he (she) did.
- No, he (she) did not (didn’t).
Did we open the door?
- No, we did not (didn’t).
Did you open the door?
- Yes, you did.
- No, you did not (didn’t).
Did they open the door?
- No, they did not (didn’t).
|
I did not (didn’t) open …
He (she) did not (didn’t) open …
We did not (didn’t) open …
You did not (didn’t) open …
They did not (didn’t) open …
|
4. Простое прошедшее время глагола
to
be
| Утвердительная форма |
|
Отрицательная форма |
I was hungry.
You were hungry.
He (she) was hungry.
We were hungry.
You were hungry.
|
Was I hungry?
- No, I was not (wasn’t).
Were you hungry?
- No, you were not (weren’t).
- Yes, he (she) was.
Were we hungry?
- Yes, we were.
- No, we were not (weren’t).
Were you hungry?
- Yes, you were.
- No, you were not (weren’t).
- Yes, they were.
- No, they were not (weren’t).
|
I was not (wasn’t) hungry.
You were not (weren’t) hungry.
He (she) was not (wasn’t) hungry.
We were not (weren’t) hungry.
You were not (weren’t) hungry.
|
5.
Три формы неправильных глаголов
| Инфинитив |
|
|
To become
To bring
To buy
(can)
To come
To drive
To fly
To get
To give
To go
To have
To hear
To hold
To keep
To leave
(may)
To read
To see
To sell
To send
To show
To sit
To speak
To take
To understand
To write
|
Became
Brought
Bought
Could
Came
Drove
Flew
Got
Gave
Went
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Left
Might
Met
Put
Read
Saw
Sold
Sent
Showed
Sat
Spoke
Took
Understood
Wrote
|
Bought
-
Come
Flown
Got
Given
Gone
Had
Heard
Held
Kept
Left
-
Met
Put
Read
Seen
Sold
Sent
Shown
Sat
Spoken
Taken
Understood
|
6.
Употребление
many, much, a lot of, few, little, a few, a little
|
Few – мало
Afew – несколько
|
Much – много
Little – мало
Alittle – немного
Употребляются с неисчисляемыми существительными
|
| Исчисляемые существительные |
Неисчисляемые существительные |
Table
Restaurant
Bill
Letter
Briefcase
|
Food
Soup
Wine
Coffee
Luggage
|
| Many – a lot of – few – a few |
Much – a lot of – little – a little |
He hasn’t got many
friends.
There are very many
letters on the table.
There are
letters on the desk.
There are a few
letters on the desk.
|
He hasn’t got much
information.
There is much
There is a lot of
information in the little.
There is a little
|
7. The Future Indefinite Tense (
простое
время
)
| Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I will (I'll) learn French.
You will (you'11) learn...
We will (we'11) learn...
You will (you'11) learn...
They will (they'll) learn...
|
Will I learn...?
Will you learn …?
Will he (she) learn...?
Will we learn...?
Will you learn...?
Will they learn...?
|
I will not (won't) learn …
You will not (won't) learn...
We will not (won't) learn...
They will not (won't) learn...
|
8.
глагол
may
Ex. 13 Переведите на русский язык:
2. May I see the menu, please?
3. May I take your earphones?
4. May I wait here?
6. May I have my passport back, please?
7. May I join you?
8. May I cash the cheque here?
- Yes, certainly, here you are.
- Thank you.
9.
Выражение просьбы
| Глаголы |
|
Can
May
Will
|
Can you bring my bill, please?
May I have my bill, please?
Will you bring, my bill, please?
|
-
10.
Модальный глагол
must
I must drive tonight.
I must go home now.
|
Я должен вести машину сегодня.
Я должен сейчас идти домой.
|
Сравните:
must
should
|
I must read this book.
Я должен обязательно прочитать эту книгу.
|
Words
1. dear [diə]
2. to inform [in΄fo:m]
To inform … of
Please, inform us of the name of the hotel.
΄februəri]
In February
He is coming to Moscow in February.
4. to begin [bi΄gin]
5. talks [to:ks]
He is having talks now.
6. to make [meik]
To make a reservation at the hotel
7. let us know …
8. necessary [΄nesisəri]
9. cooperation [˛koupə΄rei∫n]
Thank you for your cooperation.
10. yours [jo:z]
11. faithfully [feiθfuli]
|
дорогой
Уважаемые господа … (вежливая форма обращения в начале делового письма)
сообщать
просим сообщить нам название гостиницы.
февраль
в феврале
Он приезжает в Москву в феврале.
Он сейчас на переговорах.
делать
забронировать номер в гостинице
Дайте нам знать … Сообщите нам …
необходимый
сотрудничество
Благодарим Вас за помощь.
верно, преданно
С уважением … (заключительная фраза в деловых письмах)
|
Words
1. to regret [ri΄gret]
I regret to say …
2. to reserve [ri΄zə:v]
3. accommodation [ə˛komə΄dei∫n]
We are booked up.
ə΄veiləbl]
This book is not available.
6. national [΄næ∫ənl]
7. processor [prə΄sesə]
word processor
8. association [ə˛sousi΄ei∫ən]
10. convention [kən΄ven∫ən]
11. during [΄djuəriŋ]
during the revolution
during the interval
12 surely [΄∫uəli]
As you will surely understand …
14. possible [΄posibl]
15. member [΄membə]
a member of Parliament
ə΄pouz]
We propose to discuss this problem.
17. to postpone [poust΄poun]
΄seifli]
safe
19. to hope [houp]
20. to suit [sju:t]
We hope this will suit you.
23. We look forward to hearing from you.
|
сожалеть
К сожалению, должен сказать …
резервировать, бронировать
помещение, жилье
бронировать номер в гостинице для кого-либо
резервировать, принимать заказ
доступный, имеющийся в распоряжении, наличный
Эту книгу нельзя достать.
текстовый процессор
общество, ассоциация
собрание, съезд
в течение, в продолжение, во время
во время революции
во время перерыва
конечно, непременно (американского разговорное)
Как Вы, конечно, понимаете …
Они вынуждены бронировать …
возможный, вероятный
столько комнат, сколько возможно
как можно скорее
член
член парламента
предлагать
Мы предлагаем обсудить этот вопрос.
надежно, с уверенностью
невредимый, сохранный
надеяться
получать известия, письмо от кого-либо
С нетерпением ждем (от Вас) ответа.
|
1.
The Present Perfect Tense (
настоящее
совершенное
время
)
|
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
I have (I've) seen this film.
You have (you’ve) seen this film.
You have (you’ve) seen this film.
|
Have you seen this film?
Has he (she) seen-this film?
Have you seen this film?
Have they seen this film?
|
I have not (I haven’t) seen this film.
You have not (you haven’t) seen this film.
We have not (haven’t) seen this film.
You have not (haven’t) seen this film.
They have not (haven’t) seen this film.
|
2.
Страдательный залог простого настоящего и прошедшего времени
|
|
|
We enclose catalogues with this letter.
|
letter.
К этому письму прилагается (приложен) каталог.
letter.
К этому письму прилагаются (приложены) каталоги.
|
|
We enclosed catalogues with this letter.
|
A catalogue was enclosed with this
letter.
К этому письму был приложен (прилагался) каталог.
letter.
К этому письму были приложены (прилагались, приложили) каталоги.
|
3.
Страдательный залог (продолжение)
| Простое будущее время |
We will quote
this price.
We
this price.
|
This price will be
This price will not be
quoted.
|
| Настоящее совершенное время |
We have
already quoted this price.
We have not
quoted this price yet.
|
This price has
already been quoted
.
This price
yet.
|
| can |
We can quote
a lower price.
We cannot quote
|
A lower price
.
A lower price
.
|
|
