6 Main Russian Leaders Essay Research Paper
6 Main Russian Leaders Essay, Research Paper
Vladimir Ilych Lenin
A.
Vladimir Ilych Lenin was born in 1870 and died in January 1924 at the age of 52. Lenin
B.
Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks. Him and the Bolsheviks were opposed of W. W. I.
hardships for the peasants and workers. The Germans allowed Lenin and the Bolsheviks
to cross through German borders into Russia. Lenin’s partner was Leon Trotsky. Lenin
opposed the provisional government. Lenin and the Bolsheviks wanted to nationalize
banks, industry, land and wanted to hold free elections, he also guaranteed an end to the
war over the provisional government. Because of these promises the Bolsheviks and
Lenin gained strong support from soviets. In October, 1917, Lenin ordered the Bolsheviks
main goals:
1)Peace
In 1918, Lenin signed a peace treaty with Germany. Russia was forced to give up the
Baltic states (Finland, Poland, Ukraine), which became their own independent countries.
promised the peasants the right to own land, then Lenin decided to turn all land into state
property. This allowed poorer peasants to continue to farm the land they held. Lenin
needed the peasants support. ALL large farms and estates became state property. The
Bolsheviks changed their name to the Communist party after the Civil War. The
Communists had little money, and peasants refused to give their crops to the government,
causing a severe food shortage. Lenin finally forced the peasants to hand over food, many
peasants hid their crops. There was a crop failure in 1921. In 1921, Lenin introduced the
enterprise. Lenin allowed farmers to own small tracts of land, and sell their crops to the
open market and to keep the profits. The government returned 3800 nationalized
companies to their former owners, this helped to allow the Soviet government to become
solidly established. Lenin Believed that the industrial process would surpass western
capitalist economies. He believed that the superiority of the communist system would be
proven if this happened. This only happened in certain areas. for example, iron ore, coal,
natural gas, crude oil, and the army were good, but when it came to consumer goods they
C.
Lenin was a communist and a revolutionary leader in Russian history. He was very
Some of Lenin’s policies are still in place in Russia. Lenin believed in equality. Lenin was
after betterment of life and change.
D.
rich would still be ruling over the slaves. Communism would not have been implemented
in Russian government if it weren’t for Lenin. Lenin started the ideas of nationalization.
Without Lenin Russia would not be as well off as it is now.
Joseph Stalin
A.
He assumed power over the Soviet Union in 1922 as Lenin’s successor till the day he died
B.
Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili is Stalin’s real name. He was born in the Russian State
of Georgia. In 1899, just as Stalin was about to graduate from a Theological Seminary, he
dropped out and joined a movement that was opposed to the Russian monarchy. While
working as an accountant, Stalin spread Marxist propaganda. In 1902, Stalin was arrested
for organizing a large worker’s demonstration. A year later, he was sentenced to Siberia.
In 1904, he was back in Georgia. Stalin was drawn to the Bolsheviks, lead by Lenin,
instead of the Mensheviks. In 1908, Stalin was arrested again, for his illegal underground
activities. He escaped, and was recaptured many times between 1908 and 1917 (1917 was
the begining of the Russian Revolution). Around 1912, Stalin took on the name of Joseph
Stalin, meaning man of steel. Lenin added him to the Bolshevik Party body in 1912.
Stalin was again arrested and sent to Siberia in 1913. He was released after the overthrow
of the Russian monarchy. After the Russian Civil War, Stalin was appointed a member of
the Communist Party’s highest decision making board. Stalin supervised the military
attacks on the counterrevolutionists during the Civil War. When Russia went to war
government. In 1923, he was elected the title of general secretary for the Communist
Party. Stalin’s rude behavior created a conflict with the sick Lenin. Stalin joined up with
Nikolay Bukhrain and Aleksey Rykov, in a new uprise against Stalin’s former partners.
Trotsky joined them in 1926. In 1928, after Stalin had defeated his former partners, he
turned against his new partners. In 1930, Stalin had established himself as the leader of
did not produce enough food. Instead of adding incentives to the peasants, Stalin decided
to turn the farms into state-owned collective farms. In 1928, Stalin set forward a five year
plan of industrialization. Stalin believed that the USSR has to industrialize fast in order to
defend itself from foreign enigmas. Industrialization was achieved, but millions of
peasants died, and Soviet agriculture came very close to collapsing. Stalin worried about
conspiracies about him, especially after the “suicide” of his second wife in 1932. In
August of 1939 Stalin decided upon an alliance with Nazi Germany, the “Secret
Protocols” of the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
C.
In achieving his goals, Stalin had no concern for human life if it stood in the way of
progress. Adolf Hitler was his only rival when it came to mass murder. Historians believe
that as many as twelve million people died from standing in the war of Stalin’s ambitions.
Millions died from starvation and overworking even though they had no political beliefs
whatsoever.
D.
Stalin had brought the government of Lenin and his revolutionary Bolsheviks back to the
dictatorship. After his death, reformers led by Nikita Khrushchev argued for major
innovations. This started the “de-Stalinization” period of Soviet history.
Nikita Khruschev
A.
Nikita Khrushchev was Born in Kalinovka, A Kursk Province on April 17th 1894. In
September 1953 he replaced Malenkov as the leader of the USSR. His power streak
ended on the day he died, September 11, 1971.
B.
Unlike Lenin and most of the other Soviet leaders Khrushchev was the son of a miner and
his grandfather was a serf. After a receiving an education in his small village, he began
factory,, he was not drafted into the Czarist army during World War I. In 1918 he became
a member of the Bolshevik party and served in the Red Army during the Civil War. In the
1920s he began a rapid rise in the party ranks as a full time party worker, and by 1933 he
on the national scene. In 1934, at the Seventeenth Party Congress, he became a full
participated in decisions. By 1939, he had become a full member of the Politburo.
During the war, Khrushchev was a lieutenant general. He was the political adviser to
Marshal Andrei Yeromenko during the defense of Stalingrad (Volgograd). In 1949 Stalin
called him back to Moscow, where he took back his old job as head of the Moscow city
party and was appointed secretary of the Central Committee. Khrushchev became
involved in agricultural decisions and proposed a new scheme for the creation of
agrogorods (in English,”farming towns”). Within six months of Stalin’s death in 1953
and with the execution of the deputy Prime Minister and KGB chief, Lavrentii Beriia,
Khrushchev was in a power struggle with Georgii Malenkov, Stalin’s heir. Khrushchev
gained the advantage due to his control of the party machinery. Then in September 1953
he became first secretary replacing Malenkov. On the night of February 24th, 1956,
Speech” about the excesses of Stalin’s one-man rule, attacking the late Soviet ruler’s
“intolerance, his brutality, aswell as his abuse of power” and blaming it on his personality,
without a trace. The de- Stalinization movement also had uprisings in the communist
countries of Eastern Europe. Poland revolted against its government in October 1956, and
Hungary followed shortly afterward. Faced with revolution, Khrushchev flew to Warsaw
on October 19th, 1956 and came up with a compromise with the Polish leader Wladyslaw
Gomulka’s, which allowed the Polish people a great deal of freedom. But Khrushchev’s
decided to crush the Hungarian Revolution by force, largely because of the Hungarian
Premier Imre Nagy’s decision to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. In June of 1957
went against him, he managed to reverse this by appealing to everyone who was a
member of the Central Committee. In retaliation, he secured the permanent disgrace of
Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov, and others, who were labeled members of the anti-
in Cuba, led to a tense confrontation in October of that year, yet he also helped to
negotiate the 1963, “Test Ban Treaty.”
C.
beliefs to help out with the problem. He climbed very far in his life because he had a
great mind and was very set in his ways. Khrushchev was very clever. If someone or
something got in his way, he would be sure to eliminate it. If something had to be done,
he would be sure to take care of it. No problem seemed to big for him to solve.
have been the same.
D.
Khrushchev was a great political leader who had learned his Marxism on the job, but he
never hesitated to adapt his beliefs to the political emergencies of the moment. His
with the non-Communist world. Whatever one says about his personal life, his bad
nature, his vulgarity and his policy shifts, he was a man of his people. His son Sergei
pronounced a short eulogy at his father’s funeral: “There were those who loved him, there
were those who hated him, but there were few who would pass him by without looking in
his direction.
Leonid Ilych Brezhnev
A.
Leonid Ilych Brezhnev was born on December 19th 1906 in Kamenskoye (now it is called
Dneprodzerzhinsk) in the Ukraine. He was a statesman who seized the leadership of the
Soviet Communist Party from Nikita Khrushchev in 1964, and remained the USSR’s
leader until his death on Nov. 10, l982.
B.
While Brezhnev was in office, the Soviet Union gave a large amount of military support
to the Northern part of Vietnam in the Vietnam War and to the Arab nations in the Arab-
Israeli problems. He sent the Soviet army to Czechoslovakia in 1968 to get rid of the
States of America, reached many deals on reducing their nuclear weapon stocks. His
belief was that he should be able to intervene in the affairs of countries that agreed on the
Warsaw Pact. In these countries, there was a believed threat to the communist party as a
whole, which became known as, “Brezhnev doctrine”. In 1923 he joined a communist
group. His political career was officially launched when he joined the Communist party in
worked as an engineer and director of a technical school. He also held a bunch of small
political jobs. By 1939 he had earned himself the name of secretary of the regional party
committee of Dnepropetrovsk. As a political commissioner in the Soviet Army during
World War II, Brezhnev rose to the rank of major general. After the war, he became
known as the leader of the Central Committee of the Moldavian Communist party.
Under Nikita Khrushchev, whose assistant he became, Brezhnev took over the “virgin
lands” project to develop Kazakhstan into an agriculturally rich area. By 1960, as
chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, he became titular head of the Soviet
attempting to force Khrushchev out of the leadership powers of the USSR on Oct. 15,
1964. Then he succeeded Khrushchev as head of the communist party’s Central
Committee. After a period of joint leadership with Aleksei Kosygin and Nikolai
Podgorny, Brezhnev became the Soviet Union’s general secretary in 1966. In May 1976
Brezhnev became a marshal of the Soviet Union (other than Stalin, he was the only
Communist party chairman also to hold the highest Soviet military rank possible). A year
later he became chairman of the Supreme Soviet, the first leader to head both the
Presidium and the Communist party. In 1979 Brezhnev received the “Lenin prize” for
leadership duties on Nov. 10, l982.
C.
Brezhnev was a man that didn’t like to be knowledgeable in just one subject area. He was
an independent leader with all the skills that were needed to be a great leader. After
graduating, and working for a while, one of the most influential men in Soviet history
political career took off. As Brezhnev received more and more duties, he seemed to want
to take on even more tasks. Brezhnev ruled the USSR for a long time, an was replaced by
Mikhail Gorbachev, shortly after his death.
D.
leaders. By the late ’60s and early ’70s the economic and political infrastructure and set up
of the Soviet Union’s government had become extremely complex. It was impossible to
was constantly occurring was the fact that the government had still not set up enough
government offices around the USSR to know if the decisions being made were the best
ones for the public. Brezhnev never wanted to become a dictator. He was a very wise
man. He transferred more power to the Party and the rest of the government instead of
carrying every decision on his shoulders. He allowed amounts of public input (to a certain
degree). Brezhnev banished most feelings of favoritism and extra power to the wealthiest.
He was a true leader for the people, and did leave out the best interests for the people in
Mikhail Gorbachev
A.
1991, Gorbachev 6 days before the break up of the USSR, Gorbachev retired.
B.
Mikhail worked at his family’s collective farm from the age of 13 (1944)and in 1946 he
was promoted to assistant of a harvester operator in a tractor station. In 1950 Gorbachev
As a, one of his friends was Zdenek Mlynarc, who much later became theleader of the
Czechlosovakia communist party in 1968. He joined the Junior Communist League and
chief of the propaganda and agitation division of the Stavropol committee. In 1956
November 1961 Gorbachev was a delegate of the CPSU congress, at which Nikita
secretary of the Stavropol CPSU territorial committee in the state farms department. In
1970 Gorbachev was elected to the USSR Supreme Soviet. From 1979 to 1984
Gorbachev was on the Commission on legislative proposals of the Soviet Union. In 1984
he was the foreign affairs minister until 1985. In 1971 the CPSU elected Gorbachev a
member of the Central Committee. At a Central Committee meeting in October of 1978
Mikhail Gorbachev was elected into an agricultural job, and then Gorbachev moved to
Moscow. In 1980 Gorbachev became a full time member of the Communist party’s
Politburo. Gorbachev wanted power of the Communist Party after Brezhnev’s death in
1982. Soon, the Politburo there began to emerge as a group of politicians, who’s ideals
and decisions were much, much more reform based. Gorbachev had a reform based mind.
compiled a report on the “Living Creativity of the People,” in the report he discussed the
innovative initiatives.”This report, that was later published, became the principals of the
perestroika. After the death of Chernenko on March 11, 1985(Chernenko was the leader
the Communist Party. During the very first months that Gorbachev was in power, he
began a series of personnel changes of the Central Committee, sending politicians away
on a pension, mostly those who worked under Brezhnev. While speaking in Leningrad in
May of 1985, Gorbachev openly disclosed for the first time in history of the USSR, the
slowdown of economic growth, the lack of mechanical engineering, and the great need to
raise the living standards of the Soviet people. This speech that was delivered by
Gorbachev was published by newspapers around the world, yet it took four days to
release it on television due to the lack of modern technology. In June, Gorbachev
presented his slogan for the speeding up of scientific and technological progress. The
word “acceleration” in became the term to describe the changes that had began in the
government passed decisions that started the anti-alcohol campaign, which, among other
1985, during the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the victory over fascism,
Gorbachev, for the first time in nearly twenty years, mentioned Joseph Stalin in a positive
way, which caused an ovation from the crowd. Gorbachev delivered a report in which he
called for greater independence for enterprises, curtailments of the states restrictions, a
democratic change in society, and increasing the people’s political activity as well as
political power. From June 1986 the policy was named “Perestroika.” The looseness of
censorship in the media became known as “Glasnost.” This abolished state censorship. In
December 1986 Gorbachev ordered for a man named Andrei Sakharov to be released
from his political exile and allowed him to take part in international anti-war meetings in
which for the first time he openly spoke about the criminal disturbances and problems of
Stalinism. Boris Yeltsin, demanded a much more aggressive approach to perestroika.
Gorbachev passed a law condemning the publication as a “manifesto of anti-perestroikian
Gorbachev’s political decision making. The result of this was the start of political reform
of the Soviet system, the resolution on Glasnost, which contributed to progress towards
freedom of speech which was not in progress until then. In October of 1988, Gorbachev
cut personnel in the party and restructured it. In 1985, Gorbachev carried out large, drastic
changes in the USSR’s foreign policy. Gorbachev unveiled his plan to have a world with
India, he signed the New Delhi Declaration as a first step to free the world of nuclear
weapons. Gorbachev had many meetings with US president Ronald Reagan, discussing
about ridding the world of some of its nuclear and weapons. In the year 1988, Gorbachev
published his book, “Perestroika and New Thinking for Our Country and the Whole
World.” In late 1989, during a meeting with the new US President George Bush,
Gorbachev said for the first time that the USSR was finally able to not have to regard the
USA as its military advisors and aid. Gorbachev decided against constructing a change in
the political map of Europe. The USSR’s first parliamentary elections with other
Communist Party ceased to be the only agent in Soviet politics, but it could still, sift away
Communist Party, and wished to get sovereignty, and their countries recognized.
later declared their independence. Gorbachev responded by passing documents describing
separatist decisions as illegal, which did not stop the process of separation. In October of
Transition to a Market Economy,” Gorbachev, was then warned of a possible upcoming
dictatorship. The attempt by Red Army troops to dispose of lawful authorities in
Lithuania “at the request” of a self-appointed Committee of National Salvation hurt
Gorbachev’s authority. Despite the demands from both sides, Gorbachev did not provide a
his supporters, at the request of his opponents “to help security,” introduced additional
army units into the city. In the spring of 1991, close to the time of the break up of the
USSR, Gorbachev had to negotiate with a miners movement, who demanded his
resignation and a change in the economic policy. In April of 1991, Gorbachev signed a
contract with Yeltsin and the leaders of nine other republics on joint approval of the
he was submitting his resignation from the leadership of the USSR. The majority of
politicians voted to remove the resignation request from the agenda as posing a threat to
the party’s existence. On August 19, 1991, the closest associates of the USSR President
impose a state of emergency on the country or turn power temporarily over to Vice
isolation, with no telephone or possibility to leave the compound. Gorbachev returned to
Moscow on August 21st. On August 22, Gorbachev resigned leader of the Communist
Party, the reason was he was receiving new information about the degree of involvement
by party bodies in the attempted overthrow.
C.
In 1985, nobody had any understanding of Mikhail Gorbachev. He was not like any of his
predecessors— he wanted to change the system, rather than improve it. Gorbachev was
the single motivating force for reform in the Soviet Union. Notably, Gorbachev did not
Union, unlike Stalin. Brutal suppression of Warsaw Pact countries and Soviet states by
Stalin, Khrushchev, and Brezhnev had generated extreme distrust and fear of the Soviet
leaders. This left some work for Gorbachev to improve relations.
D.
being younger and more energetic than his comrades, he thought differently than they did:
“he was a rare idealist in a sea of guardians,”RL. Gorbachev was the sole man who
contributed the most to the USSR, immediately before its breakup.
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin
A.
Boris Yeltsin was elected right before the break up of the USSR, in 1991. Yeltsin, was
later re-elected into office in 1996. Yeltsin is still in power of Russia.
B.
village, in the Sverdlovsk region, was declared a kulak. His dwelling, his mill, and his
other valuable possessions, were confiscated. On February 1, 1931, Ignaty’s grandson,
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin, was born in Butka. Soon afterwards, the Yeltsins moved to
the city of Kazan, where his father, Nikolai, worked at a construction site. On May 23,
1934, Nikolai Yeltsin was convicted of anti-Soviet crimes. He served 3 years in Stalin’s
GULAGS. When Boris was young, he blew off two of his fingers on his left hand while
“playing” with a live grenade! Yeltsin graduated from Pushkin High School. After
graduation, Boris went to the Ural Polytechnic Institute in Sverdlovsk. In 1955, he
graduated from Ural Polytechnic Institute, majoring in construction, like his grandfather.
In 1961, Yeltsin joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. March of 1989 became
the major stepping stone in Yeltsin’s career. Yeltsin came out ontop, in the first multi-
candidate election for a position. He therefore received a seat in the Supreme Soviet,
where he held the title of Chair of the Committee of Construction. Yeltsin became the co-
chair of a committee that delt with human rights. Yeltsin was elected speaker of the
Supreme Soviet in May of 1990. By then, Yeltsin was well-known as a harsh criticism of
Mikhail Gorbachev. In Yeltsin’s opinion, Gorbachev had to speed up the pace of reforms
in the USSR. In July of 1990, Yeltsin quit the Communist Party. In August, Yeltsin and
Gorbachev signed a document, according to which a new economic program had to be
created. The program became known as “500 days”. Gorbachev withdrew his support of
their program in Autumn, 1990, and it was never used. The breakdown of the 500 days
plan to a market economy went as follows; Days 1-100, major cuts for-KGB, foreign aid,
defense private farms allowed some state owned shops sold. Days 100-250, more price
controls ended. Days 250-400, all price controls ended ? of state factories owned
privately. Days 400-500, most state factories and farms privately owned all retail trade
private most planning ministries closed free movement of people can purchase foreign
currency Yeltsin called for resignation of Gorbachev in February of 1991. In the first
democratic presidential elections in Russia, in 1991, Yeltsin earned a surplus of 57% of
the vote to defeat Nikolai Ryzhkov, Vladimir Zhirinovsky, and three other candidates.
President of the USSR Gorbachev attended the inauguration ceremony and congratulated
the newly elected President Yeltsin. On December 1, 1991, the Ukraine held a
referendum, and its citizens voted for independence from the Soviet Union. A week later,
Commonwealth of Independent States. Yeltsin was against Communists who lived
conformably, while the rest of the population was struggling to purchase basic goods.
Yeltsin closed many “special” food stores and hospitals for Communist Party members.
C.
mind. While he was president many bad things occurred. Economic reforms conducted by
negative consequences. Crime increased beyond all expectations, organized crime
unemployment had risen several times. The standard of living for most Russian citizens
plummeted, and one third of the population lived below the poverty line set at
industry got hit the hardest by the bust in the Russian economy. Yeltsin criticized, and
was fully against people on the Communist Party who engaged in the stealing of state
property, black market activists, and those who accepted bribes, he fired many
communists like these. Yeltsin was not afraid to be a critic.
D.
A great Russian politician, Yeltsin was an engineer and minor Communist Party, who
won the Russian presidency by popular vote in 1989. Eager to speed up reforms, he
shutting down a coup against Gorbachev in 1991. After the Soviet Union collapsed,
Yeltsin remained in power, and despite political setbacks and at least two heart attacks,
(no one knows for sure how many more heart attacks Yeltsin has suffered, as he has been
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